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THE RENAISSANCE AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE CITY (unpublished studies)

erection Forte Sangallo wanted by Pope Alexander VI Borgia , and entrusted to the architect Antonio da Sangallo the old man from 1494-95 revolutionized the internal urban structure Civita Castellana. The most important consequence was represented by the abandonment of the Piazza del Duomo and the establishment of the new pole in the square of Prato who also became the town square with the construction of the municipal building.
The history of the Renaissance period, there are evidenced by a local news entitled of the history of Civita Castellana Francesco Pechinoli who wrote around 1560;
the story, divided into two parts gives us information on people who held the roles of governor of the city : Alexander VI Borgia (1492-1503), immediately after his ascension to the papal throne, gave Cesare Borgia, known as Valentine, the perpetual government of the city.
The death of Pope Alexander VI in the summer of 1503 also marked the decline of her son, who sent troops to occupy Nepi and Civita Castellana: nell'Istoria it tells how the people resisted the attempts of the Count Oliva, made by Valentino, not allowing to conquer the fortress.
In 1513, for the munificence of Leo X (1513-1521) was built Town Hall, stood as an 'inscription in front of the building: Leonis X Pont. MAXIM. IN VEIO LIBERALITATE. He gave the city government to Dovizi by Bernardo Bibiena.
Giulio de 'Medici, ruler of the city, became pope under the name of Clement VII (1523-34), left the government at the same Cardinal Giovanni Salviati, who remained until the death of the pontiff. During this period, Civita Castellana is involved in the events of the Sack of Rome having to fight against the troops of mercenaries, who had obtained a permit from the Pope to hand over the city and the fortress.
the death of his successor, Clement VII, Paul III Farnese (1534-1549), appointed governor of the city's nephew Alessandro Farnese :"... special grace of the supreme God, kind to get for governor, even rather than as father and protector for the nephew of Paul de 30 years. "
Under the pontificate of Julius III del Monte (1550-1555) the city had a strong hunger for the lack of grain. The pontiff "to please Balduino Mount his brother, Cardinal Farnese removed, giving the city and the regency Rocco fortress of Monte Galletti, who chose as his collaborator's brother Domenico. The pontiff later
Paul IV Carafa (1555-59), appointed governor "as usual" Cardinal Carlo Carafa, August 13, 1555.
A 'exception to the rule was the appointment of Mario Ark on 12 March 1559, it acquired in Civita Castellana temporary government for a short period and was subsequently replaced, the election of Pius IV (1560-65) with Carlo Borromeo.
Following the election of Gregory XIII was entrusted with the government to Filippo Boncompagni 25 July 1577 and in second term April 3, 1581.
On the eve of the papal election Felice Peretti the government of Civita Castellana was still held by Cardinal Boncompagni as reflected in the acts of 1586. Even
Sisto V continues in practice to entrust the government of the city to its cardinal nephew, we find confirmation in the notarial documents preserved at the State Archives of Viterbo. On the death of Sixtus V, Clement VIII Aldobrandini appoints the cardinal-nephew Peter , governor of the city.

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the medieval period


The thirteenth century, shows the development of a community economically and culturally elevated. was built in 1210 and signed by the Duomo "Doctissimo cosmos," the will of "Communitas" and in the same year witnessed the presence of a "Rector" freely elected by the citizens, whose appointment was approved by Innocent III. In 1252 is confirmed by Innocent IV Statutes of Municipal (whose compilation had already been cleared in 1229 and entrusted to the magistrates and citizens learned of the place). Behind these two events we can see a town flourished because of its demographic development evidenced by consumption of salt, the growth of commerce and crafts and the many social classes listed in that statute . E 'which dates from this period, presumably the construction of Court building which would subsequently be incorporated into the building Peretti Montalto.
The mid-fourteenth century was a crucial moment in which the city, taking advantage of the exile of the popes in Avignon, it became independent from the Papal States. In 1354 under the partial domain of Vico, when troops of Albornoz managed to recover the city of Viterbo, Civita Castellana remained in arms can ache the invitation of the papal legate, which required to submit. Cardinal Albornoz sent a punitive expedition in which the city held out for at least two years, it managed to surrender only after having poisoned the waters of the rivers nearby.

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THE PAINTING OF THE CHURCH OF ST ANNE Metterza SAN GREGORIO XV century, the Shrine of Sant'Anna

represents the Madonna and Child with St. Anne of St. John the Evangelist and Saint Anthony Abbot at top probably God the Father blessing between clouds and cherubs.
The fresco is located on the left wall, in symmetry with the fragment depicting Saint Catherine of Alexandria.
The composition is the theme of St Anne Metterza , but the face St Anne is mutilated, like that of St. Anthony and a large part of the shell of the painting, where, in addition to some heads of cherubs, drapery are distinguished from two other figures.
The remaining area painting refers to the environment of the last of the Umbro-Roman 400. interesting and accurate are the pillars of the throne on the grotesque expression of an update of the Ancient culture that develops in Rome since 1470. As a reminder
pinturicchiesco are putti, while scope antoniazzesco the figures of St. John and Christ died below, albeit with elongated faces and a loss of volume. Obvious repainting of indeterminable age.
The particular taste of the painting reflects the fervor that was moving in that period thanks to artists such as Lorenzo da Viterbo and Anthony Massaro said Pastura who worked largely in the province. In this last bring up the spread of taste Umbro besetting the painting.
The artist collaborator Pinturicchio in Rome, in the decoration of the Borgia apartments in the Vatican, in the capital has the ability to deepen their knowledge of Antoniazzo of Aquila.
For then in 1497 in Orvieto, to complete the decoration of the Cathedral of Orvieto .

At the center of the main players merge into a single mass displacement, which is connected through the gestures, the hands of St. Anne on the shoulders of the Virgin and the hands of the Virgin supporting the child, and finally in the hands Baby goldfinch.
Communicative the attitude of the latter, which have the look and the gesture is aimed directly to the faithful, contrasting very strongly with the laying of the blank closed tilting his head.
curve also followed by the child's head. As in a good state of preservation we can not even see the structure of the throne. Which is structured as a niche corners strongly shortened alternating the yellow frame with the green color of the back, in the presence of random colors, in this case refers to the decoration of the Borgia Apartments , as well as the presence of grotesque colored I refer specifically to the visitation of Virgin Borgia apartments in the Vatican museums decorated by Pinturicchio. The whole decoration of the church bears the date of 1494 shown below sull'affresco depicting Santa Caterina d'Alessandria. In conjunction with the construction of the fort of St. Gallen and its decoration. Perhaps a skilled the following?

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conference for the inauguration of the restoration newsstand devotional S . Anna, on Court Street. Dr. Charles Nelli


INTRODUCTION There are many shrines, I counted 35 , you may encounter along the streets of the old town of Civita Castellana.
Therefore, the choice of restricting the field was almost obligatory. To this end, the reasoning that led me to talk about it some and not others has moved up two lines, excluding a priori the quality of the works, then explain why the choice fell on four operas, two of which resumed the subject of Anne, and the other two to the special kind .
FOLK ART
The devotional shrines, erected by popular piety, are the explicit example of how art is a reflection of the needs of the community , the neighborhood and the family, imbued with magical needs religious. If we want art then, the answer to the needs and requirements, then folk art, a term which tends to describe events as precisely newsstands devotional art does not mean the end of the second born in the nineteenth century to piano.Il enhance the production, which arose spontaneously from the soul popular.
The concept of folk art and as a result of "spontaneous demonstration" or collective ethos therefore results in the production of these artefacts that document the community, not as bearers of a single client and as a result of the exaltation of singularity, but true works of art of the people and for the people .
The simple character, and often serial that characterizes much of the production must not be misleading in the description and evaluation of these works.
devotional art, represented by the kiosks, is inspired official cult, but alive and is generated in the private worship as thanks for favors received, which already by ' antiquity represented the individual's direct communication with divinity .

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Palazzo Montalto in Civita Castellana

The presence of f amiglia Peretti in Civita Castellana is amply documented by large building being erected Montalto Court, that Pope Sixtus V the century Felice Peretti you presumably built in 1589 years Construction of the Ponte Felice Borghetto, an important commercial hub and road joining the papal state with the Adriatic sea and the way to the Shrine of Loreto.
The building was donated by the pontiff to his nephew the Damasceni Cardinal Alessandro Peretti, son of the daughter of his sister, Camilla Peretti, an important Roman lady who bought her prestige thanks to the election of his brother, and indeed the whole family, soon becoming one of the pe rsonalità most influential Roman salons.
Just as the great palaces built by the Roman Pontiff and his family, including the building of Civita Castellana Montalto recalled the slender type and decoration characterized by the use of styles typical of the early sixteenth the architect Domenico Fontana , remembered for having raised the obelisks in Rome. The floor of the building located on the first floor consists of a large hall representation with a frescoed frieze that along the entire wall.
There being no documents that confirm when the period of implementation of this decoration, we must rely on his kind of style and the subjects represented in dating.

The frieze is the succession of landscapes, and candelabra with putti and grotesque allegories of virtue . The most important characteristics is given by ia s coats of cardinal Alessandro Peretti, paintings on the short sides of the room is double coats of of his brother Michael and his two sisters, Flavia and Orsini.
The presence of coats of arms gives us a double term post quem for the dating of the frieze that certainly was done no earlier than March 20, 1589 Flavia Peretti day of the wedding of the Duke of Bracciano Virginio Orsini, identified by the emblem on the far left looking from the front door, and Felice Orsini Marcantonio Colonna, Grand Constable of the kingdom of Naples, located on the bottom right .
Two more coats of arms appear in the decoration of the marriage with Margaret of Michael Peretti Somaglia, Milanese nobleman happened in 1585 years of election to the papacy of Felice Peretti, placed immediately above the front door and coat of arms of the second wedding of Felice Orsini Muzio Sforza in 1595.
Other useful for dating are identified by the presence of feuds recognizable as a representation of Villa Grazioli in Grottaferrata, near Frascati which was acquired by Cardinal in 1614 and then later given to his brother Michael.
The case for a period of time so great, can be explained by the precarious economic conditions that the family was faced immediately after the death of the pope, which in turn has extended the deadline for completing explaining also the obvious stylistic differences inside the frieze . Opera style location for the last dawn of the Mannerist style Sistine typical production, but also very close to civil decorative culture developed in Rome lasted the pontificates of Clement VIII and PaoloV. landscapes and views of great quality are the estates belonging to the family placed next to the coats of arms that represent them: there are the castle of Bracciano and their hunting grounds, the View of Civita Castellana the door downstairs, and in the distance to the bridge and the Castle Borghetto, river views, hunting scenes, castles and villas in the plant and in subjects who remember the type of executive Paul Brill and Antonio Tempesta , two landscape architects, in which the pope often entrusted the direction of Decorative his yards, but different in execution and style to some falls.
Regarding the performance of boys, even in this case the hands that carried out many different shapes are also chronologically.
The report of the Cardinal with Civita Castellana is documented until 1619, died in 1623. Failure to complete Express architecture allows us to suppose that other and paintings were to characterize the rooms of the palace, and certainly a larger number of paintings would be very useful for them to bring back names of certain documents which, unfortunately, still there report. Dr. Carlotta Nelli

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ON VIA SAN GREGORIO nineteenth century, the Shrine of

If the iconography St Anne's Metterza is lost through mid-1500, the cult of the saint does not decrease as well as his representations that range and draw on stories of childhood of the virgin, as the statuette placed inside newsstand on Via San Gregory just after the entrance of the 'homonymous church. This is The mother who taught to read the Gospel to young Mary , this issue has its origins in 1700 taken by Giovan Battista Tiepolo , in the work called the Education of the Virgin of 1732 preserved in Venice in the church of Santa Our Lady of Consolation.
The subject was then taken over by simplified statuary craft and played serially. The shrine of St. Anne is completed with the decoration of the wall inside performed by Oriana Bussani . The cloth is painted a landscape with flowers and trees in the background. The shrine in the shape of arch is decorated with clusters of roses and cherubs made of clay and winged invetraiata. The artist who created the pottery could be detected Giulio Francesconi, stylistic proximity of the putti, the decorative quality and consistency with the dates: actually built around thirty years Caesar Basili (there from memory daughter who now 85enne recalls how the shrine was built a few years before of her marriage took place in 1933.
Giulio Francesconi, native of Viareggio, (whose biography was reconstructed by Prof. Cats in his essay and the reference in detail), comes to Civita Castellana after many trips and stays in a variety of Italian and European locations.
returned from France after a brief stop in his hometown and in Rome and a visit to Normandy, he moved to Civita Castellana, driven by the desire to produce works in ceramics. In ceramics and I quote: "the primordial elements francesconi is to tame: the land, water and fire, in a challenge with paroxysmal man."
So much to reflect in this production his psychological anxieties.
The first city commission shall be of a religious statue of the Produce Zuccherini Mons, bishop of the city, and for the church of the Virgin of SS.ma through two life-size plaster statues, Santa Clara and Santa Paula. But the work that most interests us is the bezel kept the Canonica of the Church of San Benedetto.
This bezel is the Madonna and Child with cherubim , polychrome glazed earthenware in the style of Della Robbia, a reworking of the Madonna of the pillow, made in 1495, and preserved in the Bargello in Florence. The work shows how the Renaissance culture has gained in the first trip from the start, and throughout the artist's production, influenced his art.
civitoniche works are all to be included in the late 20's and early 30. to confirm the authorship of the work coming as we have said time and consistency of style. We see that there is obvious similarity between the children, with particular projection of the cheeks, the projection of the forehead and not the least, the high quality of the product.

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XVI MASS OF THE MARTYRS THE NEWSSTAND SAN Mark and John XVII

is a bas-relief of the Holy Martyrs, Patrons of the city. These are represented with symbols of martyrdom which the palm and the crown that is placed on the head angel.

The representation of Mark and John are placed in a marble shield shelter built by a semi-circular scroll with the names of saints. Band with a frame that goes around the bas-relief above, enclosing a cherub head and ends with a portion of the arch built with a series of bands. The peculiarity of the whole is perplexing about the likely timing, because if the trend and the characteristics of the external structure and also to the whereabouts it inserted on the front of the building Feroldi de Rosa we date the shrine to the late Baroque, but for the manufacture of central importance, dating slide a lot.
The crushed bodies of the features of faces hard and roughly sketched, the archaic character to focus on the angel with symbols of martyrdom, they seem to belong more to the front of a sarcophagus that the production of the late Baroque, but remember that the relics of saints were received in our city in 1000. And we have no data certainly suggest that it can not leave the factory by a stonemason not gifted. However, despite the diversity and chronological remoteness of these four works spanning nearly five centuries of history, their function and their story brings them closer and makes them equal, that is bearers of the values \u200b\u200bof need and necessity of which spoke. the creed of the people through the work it took to manifest.

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PIAZZA

The shrine is located on Mass square, square which is anchored in the road that leads to the entrance of the Fort St. Gallen and directly to the side of the Piazza del Duomo, overlooked Palazzo Petroni Andosilla of a broader and more buildings in the city.
Dating from the late sixteenth century, the shrine of the square of Massa, the newspaper said Madonna of the Snow , welcomes the passing down the street, coming from the town square. The plant is decorative structure as compared to a classical temple: On the shelf jutting based Doric pilasters with capitals ended with broken entablature, which culminates with the eardrum, which is also broken at the center are the dove, symbol of the Holy Spirit, with its wings flattened, light rays and clouds.
have emerged from recent restoration: the colors of the original architteonica external structure, which plays on ocher and red porpureo and holes.

In these holes, which run along both the internal and external pilasters and round the side of the central frame, were part of the lights that decorated the shrine, during the Mass of the Aug. 5, from which it takes its name. The central frame contains the fresco depicting the Madonna and Child, with Saints Sebastian and Christopher , it moved more to the presence and hands clasped, not typical of the iconography of the saint who is depicted standing rather leaning column of martyrdom, could be identified as a memento of the customer.
It was during the period of the Counter, not to divert attention from the image that was sacred not only act as an intermediary but as a source of inspiration and knowledge for the faithful, was barred from entering the customer within work. The solution was to insert a saint of the same name in his memory.
The main figures: the Virgin and Child holding a globe, a symbol of the world are the pivot around which revolves the whole performance, strong on volume and draping, are softened attitudes.
The Virgin who looks with love baby, in this sign of affection reciprocates his eyes and clings to the surface of the mother. The style colors and craftsmanship we can see that the artist is good hand influenced by the presence of the Roman school of artists who worked in the shipyards and Farnese Montalto is in Civita Castellana that in the province. Recall that in the same year Cardinal Montalto was fecendo decorate his palace, and in 1598 Cardinal Aldobrandini city's governor, greeted his uncle Clement VIII in the fortress Borgiani decorated and arranged for the occasion. Stylistically close to the Counter-culture portraits of Scipio Pulzone, but of a province.

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One problem not solved, Civita Castellana in early 1900. Patrick Infantry

As the city administration uses financial resources, agencies and efficient tools in the management of waste collection and cleanliness of the city's success in this field, you can come into play only if the conscious collaboration of citizens. Every citizen should take back their city considering it as their "home" where, of course, would not allow anyone to deface or litter or excrement. Renew this sense of belonging to the city, may not take these essential "good behavior" that would help to keep more clean the urban environment and provide a concrete example imitated by the younger generation and by the growing population of foreign historic centers of our country. It is not uncommon to be told by those who have traveled to countries known to be famous for order and cleanliness that he spontaneously adapted to its surroundings finding natural avoid throwing litter or cigarette butts on the ground in imitation of the Indians. He's still alive in my memory the vision of women of the "neighborhood" of the old town of Civita Castellana, which contributed almost daily street sweeping to keep clean the space in front of the "gate" or the door of his home. Not to mention the garbage, of polished aluminum, that every good housewife, kept a lot to show clean, perhaps lined with paper, the "brush" that would take him every day he was hung from the hook (to avoid ' attack of the cats) or detached from the rope that was lowered from the windows lower. Nowadays No one expects that tenants will fall every day to sweep the stretch of road on which the entrance of the house, but behave as civilians, for example, collect the droppings of dogs that accompany the daily walk is a duty which would help not just to improve the decorum of a city that, from the historic center, leaves much to be desired. The problem that I put on the table is neither new nor easy to solve. Even in the past century Civita Castellana administrators have tried to solve the problem of cleaning the city's strategies are more or less valid. The Mayor more "modern" and was certainly farsighted Ulderico Midossi that devised a "party" to encourage citizens to work actively to achieve the goal of a clean and decent city. The register of Board resolutions of 4 April 1910 read: Establishment of party: The President states that the primary purpose of accustoming and encourage people to respect the regulations of urban cleaning and sanitation; to educate them not to damage and to preserve the works, the public and private buildings and to develop more gradually in their minds the feeling of ownership of decorum, dignity, the council has decided to establish the party in Igea, or the Feast of health in relation to the way we live, to solemnize a feast day of the month of May. With it you are willing to ask the competition to the public, rather than the threat of punishment, with the incentive of the reward of a prize is to recognize how a particular person, a given community has better understood and respected the duties towards themselves, towards the city, to society. Elsewhere in the race will bring together citizens to cards, to games, but we want them to race for a useful purpose, more noble for the better preservation of their being, for their moral elevation, to eradicate bad habits, combat pernicious distrust, to overcome resistance to harmful because it advertises in the name of science, in the name of civic progress. Some may seem risky the experiment and might seem more useful to increase the number of local guards, the number of scavengers, but apart from spending more, except that the repressive system gives poor results for the most part, because we have not groped that is in use, and with luck in advanced nations and cities? Why do not we groped to develop civic education with flattery than with the specter of fines and ensure that all gradually come into habits of what today is neglected as something not needed? There are many teachings that are given to children in schools, to keep clean their person, their belongings, not to soil the streets, not to smear the walls of not to cause damage to buildings, trees, gardens, etc., but most of the time teaching in schools remain. Well, we want to make propaganda out of it, not only among children but also among the majors, boosting their self-esteem, tickling their pride. If using a combination of all those who love their city, we could achieve this result, there are those who do not see how it would benefit the health, decoration and even the municipal budget. A simple appeal that attracts the public to observe the rules of hygiene and urban police albeit with the consequential application of fines, experience teaches us that remain unheard: then invite them with the promise = For a prize to develop agriculture, to give rise to commerce, industry, to encourage studies is already in use this media more and more encouraging results, and just because you do not have groped for an industry so important to improve the public services? To this end, the Government proposes to divide the city into four wards and in accordance with rules to be determined, the district during the year in which it will be found the least number of violations to the regulations of city police and sanitation, will be awarded for prizes to be raffled of all the families of which it is composed, and together they will be handed a ball to be given over until next year to the girl students of a elementary class that, besides being a scholar, has demonstrated an attitude of good housewife. A prize will be given in each district to the small owner who has built or retrofitted their homes in accordance with rules of hygiene, and a prize to the seller of the store will be edible clean and genres that sell healthy. Prizes will be distributed with great solemnity in the municipality where they will be also held conferences on topics related to popular propaganda of the party. That's why, instead of increasing the appropriation for the guards and urban sanitation junta proposes that the Council raise £ 400 for the purpose that the funds currently allocated for the rehabilitation and hygiene of housing. The Board voted to fix the date of the party to May 1. Patrick Infantry, President AGER FALISCUS